#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
string s;
cin>>s;
int countL=0;
int countR=0;
int n=0;
for(int i=0;i<s.size();i++){
if (s[i]==')'){
countR++;
}
if (s[i]=='('){
countL++;
}
if (countR>countL){
n++;
countR--;
}
}
cout<<n+(countL-countR);
}
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